This the sacral segment of the lumbosacral plexus and it is inferiorly positioned when compared to the lumbosacral plexus.It lies on the Piriformis muscle in the posterior aspect of the Pelvic floor. The Hypogastric vessels and Ureter as well as the Pelvic colon are placed anteriorly to the Sacral plexus. A Sacral plexus is formed by anterior root of the spinal segment L4, L5, S1, S2 and S3. Each of these roots divide into anterior and posterior divisions; such that all posterior divisions L4 to S2 will unite to form common Peroneal nerve.
All the anterior divisions will unite to form the Tibial nerve. Normally, the Tibial nerve is bigger than the common Peroneal nerve. At a distance around the distal half of the thigh in about 60% of cases the common Peroneal nerve fuses with the Tibial nerve to link the Sciatic nerve- this is by the biggest nerve in the body. The posterior division of L4, L5, and S1 each sends out a nerve twig that unite to form the Superior Gluteal nerve that is distributed after, it passes above the Piriformis muscles through the greater Sciatic foramen to innervate the Gluteus medius, Gluteus minimus and the Tensor Fascia Latae muscles. Each of L4, L5, S1 and S2 will send out a nerve twig from their posterior division to form the inferior Gluteal nerve which supplies the Gluteus maximus muscle (mostly the inferior gluteal nerve is from L5, S1, S2).
Posterior Cutaneous nerve of the thigh is formed by the union of the nerve twig from the posterior division of L5, S1 and also form both the anterior and posterior division of S2.
Nerve to Quadratus Femoris is formed by union of nerve twigs from anterior divisions of L4, L5, S1.
Nerve to Obturator Internus and Superior Gemellus is formed by nerve twigs from anterior divisions of L5, S1, S2. From the posterior division of S2 and anterior division of S3 we have Perforation nerve of thigh while the anterior division of S2 and posterior division of S3, we have Pudendal nerve.
Thursday, November 4, 2010
Wednesday, August 11, 2010
LOWER EXTREMITY | LUMBOSACRAL PLEXUS
This is that part of the body which extends from the buttock to the foot. It is made up of the following region as arranged supero-inferiorly i) Guteal region ii) Hip joint iii) Thigh iv) Knee joint v) Leg vi) Ankle region vii) Foot region
Principally, the lower extremity consist of the following structure the skin; muscles; bones; neurovascular bundles which are the artery, vein and nerves. The spaces also found in the lower extremity which are located in designated planes include
1) Femoral triangle/Scarpar's trigone
2) Adductor's canal/ John Hunter's canal
3) Osteoaponeurotic openings
4) Popliteal fossa
LUMBOSACRAL PLEXUS | this is the collection of nerves that serves to mediate and to which provision of innervation to the lower extremity is anchored. In broad sense, there is actually two plexus merge together. Seperately the LUMBOSACRAL consists of
Lumbar plexus and Sacral plexus.
Up Next | Lumbar plexus
Principally, the lower extremity consist of the following structure the skin; muscles; bones; neurovascular bundles which are the artery, vein and nerves. The spaces also found in the lower extremity which are located in designated planes include
1) Femoral triangle/Scarpar's trigone
2) Adductor's canal/ John Hunter's canal
3) Osteoaponeurotic openings
4) Popliteal fossa
LUMBOSACRAL PLEXUS | this is the collection of nerves that serves to mediate and to which provision of innervation to the lower extremity is anchored. In broad sense, there is actually two plexus merge together. Seperately the LUMBOSACRAL consists of
Lumbar plexus and Sacral plexus.
Up Next | Lumbar plexus
INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY: TYPE AND TERMINOLOGY
Anatomy is an art and science that deals with the cutting off and disposition of body parts for proper understanding. Anatomy is being studied from various dimension, which include the following:
* Macroscopic anatomy | it is otherwise referred to as the gross anatomy with the use of specially prepared body known as cavader employed so that dissection is the order of the day.
* Microscopic anatomy | it is an approach that involves the use of microscope. The cellular makeup of an organ or tissue is being investigated, the absence of the approach is in the facts that different structures in the body are made up of different tissue.
* Developmental anatomy | it is an approach referred to as embryology. It tends to study the development of an individual from conception and after birth. Hence, a fully grown human being is natured at the age of 25. This is because the piriformis bone gets fully ossified at that age. It is against this backdrop that the development period is divided into prenatal and postnatal stage.
* Anatomy of the odd
| this is of main importance in the sense that it helps to solve many family dispute. Hence, this study dimension is known as THERATOLOGY.
Anatomy TERMINOLOGY
*anatomical position: this is a position whereby the body is placed on a couch in a supine position with the face placed upward, the two hands are placed by the side and palm directed forward.
*Superior sagital plane: this is a line drawn from the head (precisely from the centre of the frontal view to pubic symphsis) from the centre of the forehead downward to the level of the pubic symphsis such that it divide the body into symmetrical halves.
*Medial plane: the term medial refer to any structure placed towards the median plane.
*Lateral: structures that are located away from the trunk, farther from median plane.
*Inferior: simply refers to structures that is situated nearer the sole of the feet.
*Anterior: structured in front.
On regional bases, human body can be divided into various parts which include 1- lower limb 2- upper limb 3- trunk which are composed of three zones 4- thorax 5- abdomen 6- pelvis and perineum. Other regions of the body include the neck and the head.
* Macroscopic anatomy | it is otherwise referred to as the gross anatomy with the use of specially prepared body known as cavader employed so that dissection is the order of the day.
* Microscopic anatomy | it is an approach that involves the use of microscope. The cellular makeup of an organ or tissue is being investigated, the absence of the approach is in the facts that different structures in the body are made up of different tissue.
* Developmental anatomy | it is an approach referred to as embryology. It tends to study the development of an individual from conception and after birth. Hence, a fully grown human being is natured at the age of 25. This is because the piriformis bone gets fully ossified at that age. It is against this backdrop that the development period is divided into prenatal and postnatal stage.
* Anatomy of the odd
| this is of main importance in the sense that it helps to solve many family dispute. Hence, this study dimension is known as THERATOLOGY.
Anatomy TERMINOLOGY
*anatomical position: this is a position whereby the body is placed on a couch in a supine position with the face placed upward, the two hands are placed by the side and palm directed forward.
*Superior sagital plane: this is a line drawn from the head (precisely from the centre of the frontal view to pubic symphsis) from the centre of the forehead downward to the level of the pubic symphsis such that it divide the body into symmetrical halves.
*Medial plane: the term medial refer to any structure placed towards the median plane.
*Lateral: structures that are located away from the trunk, farther from median plane.
*Inferior: simply refers to structures that is situated nearer the sole of the feet.
*Anterior: structured in front.
On regional bases, human body can be divided into various parts which include 1- lower limb 2- upper limb 3- trunk which are composed of three zones 4- thorax 5- abdomen 6- pelvis and perineum. Other regions of the body include the neck and the head.
Sunday, January 17, 2010
Aids and Tips for the Elderly and Those that are Disabled to Help Them Become More Independent
As I grow older, things I never thought twice about doing are now a challenge to accomplish. Unfortunately, my limitations are magnified by the fact that I have multiple sclerosis and use a wheelchair. On the other hand, I am also twenty or thirty years younger than some folks having their independence threatened because of age. The problems of old age are just confronting me earlier. Not to be a "Polly Anna" but . . . at least my mind is still sharp enough to try to figure out solutions. I like to think of myself as a problem solver, able to sometimes "outsmart" the problem by thinking outside of the box, and now I am just putting that talent to use.
MS has provided me with enough challenges to last a lifetime, but it has helped me realize how difficult and exhausting even everyday tasks can be. Unfortunately, sometimes these challenges are not evident to people around us. The suggestions presented in this article are an attempt to help families understand how they can help a physically limited parent, relative, or friend. Or, these thoughts might give you insight into how to become more self-sufficient.
TIPS TO INCREASE SAFETY AND INDEPENDENCE IN THE KITCHEN
As we age some of us are dealing with issues of limited strength and dexterity, poor vision or balance, or lapses in memory. Any and all of these problems can make it difficult and unsafe to accomplish tasks that are necessary in the kitchen. In most cases, the longer someone can be safely independent, the happier they will be.
Modifications to make food preparation easier:
1. Induction Cooktop -- Because of the physical problems encountered as we get older, being around an open heat source poses the risk of burns. An Induction Cooktop uses magnetic waves to cause the coils in the bottom of a pot or pan to heat. The cooktop itself remains cool and accidentally touching the cookplate will not cause burns to the skin. My research leads me to believe a Pacemaker can be affected by these microwaves, so you need to use caution if the person coming in contact with it has this heart aid.
2. Countertop Microwave - Many homes have a microwave over the stove, which can be difficult to use and unsafe for a person with limited strength. A counter-top microwave allows the user to more easily transfer hot dishes to the counter. Smaller, individual serving bakeware make the weight more manageable. Since the bottom of the container gets hot, I keep a pie or cake pan handy and just slip dishes onto the pan. Make sure you keep items level in the transfer process.
3. Convection Oven - A hot, open oven door is an accident waiting to happen for someone with poor balance, or it can be a hazard when someone with limited strength tries to lift a hot baking dish out of the oven. A counter-top-convection oven, which is about the size of a regular toaster oven, allows food to be transferred much easier to the counter. Instead of heating food from the bottom, a convection oven uses a built-in fan to circulate hot air evenly through the cooking area. I find my convection oven does a very good job of baking without burning and operating it is not difficult to learn. Basic convection ovens, without all the bells and whistles, cost between $100 and $150.
4. Electric Frying Pan -- Electric frying pans allow you to cook away from the stove and even permit the cook to sit at a table. The problem with the regular size appliances is that they are heavy and large enough to cook for a group of people. The pan I am recommending is only 7" X 7 " and lightweight enough that it is easy to carry to the sink for washing. An added desirable feature is that it is the perfect size to prepare a meal for one or two small eaters.
5. Pull-out-shelves -- Objects in the back of lower, cavernous, kitchen cabinets can be difficult to reach and are often forgotten. Pull-out-shelves may be a problem solver to help make this area more accessible. These shelves can be found in large, local hardware stores, and someone with some carpentry skills can usually install them.
6. Dycem Mat -- A stroke or other health problem may leave a person with only one useful hand, without the additional hand to stabilize things. The Dycem mat could possibly be an aid that is helpful. This item is a vinyl mat used to eliminate slipping and sliding problems on shelves, work surfaces, under plates or cups; or use it to provide an improved grip on handles, cutlery, arm rests, walkers, wheelchair seats, trays or footrests.
7. PenFriend -- Visual problems can make it difficult to distinguish between foods, medications, ingredients or products with small writing on their labels. The PenFriend, visually impaired assistive technology, works by placing a label on an item and an identifying message is recorded into the pen. When the tip of the pen is touched to the label, the message is spoken.
To find many of these products and other assistive devices go Empowered Living Today
How families can help:
* Think ready to grab, heat and eat. If some Good Samaritan fixes a large quantity of something, have it stored in the freezer in individual serving containers. Then, it can be microwaved and eaten from the same container.
* Microwave dinner plates with covers allow you to make a plate with multiple items and then freeze it. This would be a way for a family member to offer help. Just save a serving of each dish from a meal created for members of your household. Then, when ready to eat, it just has to be thawed and microwaved.
* Use non-breakable containers instead of glass. Opt for small containers that hold one serving and can go from freezer to microwave. Deep walled dishes also provide sides to help scoop food onto an eating utensil.
* Freeze bread, bagels and English muffins to keep them from getting stale. In this way, you can take out one serving at a time. Make sure the bagels and muffins are sliced before freezing.
* People with poor sensation in their fingertips find it difficult to use storage bags that require you to line-up two tracks and press them together. Closing bags with twist ties or plastic clips likewise can be frustrating. I have everything transferred to zipper type storage bags.
There is another assistive product I really prize and that is motorized blinds. Before I had automated blinds, if I wanted privacy at night, I would have to leave blinds closed all the time. My home was always a very dark and gloomy place. Being so cut off from the world, I sometimes did not even know what the weather was like outside. I could stand to adjust the controls but, because furniture was sometimes in my way, this was a fruitless endeavor. With motorized blinds, I just point and click and I have sunlight. These were expensive, so I selectively placed them in areas that were unreachable. For windows that I can reach the controls, I use blinds that are operated with a cord rather than a wand. Because of the physical limitations created by arthritis, the motion of turning a wand can be difficult for many older people. When you see a person sitting in the dark, before making a quick judgment, it might be prudent to consider . . . which came first, the darkness or the depression? Motorized Window Blinds
I have discussed tips to increase independence but do not want to leave out one very important safety tip - an emergency alert button. While achieving independence, it is crucial you can call for help in the event of a fall or in another emergency. Call buttons worn on the wrist can be inaccessible if the hand that will push the button is pinned under you or in some other way inoperable. A pendant is accessible to both hands. Pin it to
About the Author
Suzanne Ponciroli,
suza7@comcast.net
Suzanne Ponciroli has lived with the challenges created by MS for over 20 years and is of the “Baby Boomer’ generation. She has created a website, Empowered Living Today and a Blog, http://EmpoweredLivingToday.com Both websites contain ideas and aids to help people overcome physical challenges.
MS has provided me with enough challenges to last a lifetime, but it has helped me realize how difficult and exhausting even everyday tasks can be. Unfortunately, sometimes these challenges are not evident to people around us. The suggestions presented in this article are an attempt to help families understand how they can help a physically limited parent, relative, or friend. Or, these thoughts might give you insight into how to become more self-sufficient.
TIPS TO INCREASE SAFETY AND INDEPENDENCE IN THE KITCHEN
As we age some of us are dealing with issues of limited strength and dexterity, poor vision or balance, or lapses in memory. Any and all of these problems can make it difficult and unsafe to accomplish tasks that are necessary in the kitchen. In most cases, the longer someone can be safely independent, the happier they will be.
Modifications to make food preparation easier:
1. Induction Cooktop -- Because of the physical problems encountered as we get older, being around an open heat source poses the risk of burns. An Induction Cooktop uses magnetic waves to cause the coils in the bottom of a pot or pan to heat. The cooktop itself remains cool and accidentally touching the cookplate will not cause burns to the skin. My research leads me to believe a Pacemaker can be affected by these microwaves, so you need to use caution if the person coming in contact with it has this heart aid.
2. Countertop Microwave - Many homes have a microwave over the stove, which can be difficult to use and unsafe for a person with limited strength. A counter-top microwave allows the user to more easily transfer hot dishes to the counter. Smaller, individual serving bakeware make the weight more manageable. Since the bottom of the container gets hot, I keep a pie or cake pan handy and just slip dishes onto the pan. Make sure you keep items level in the transfer process.
3. Convection Oven - A hot, open oven door is an accident waiting to happen for someone with poor balance, or it can be a hazard when someone with limited strength tries to lift a hot baking dish out of the oven. A counter-top-convection oven, which is about the size of a regular toaster oven, allows food to be transferred much easier to the counter. Instead of heating food from the bottom, a convection oven uses a built-in fan to circulate hot air evenly through the cooking area. I find my convection oven does a very good job of baking without burning and operating it is not difficult to learn. Basic convection ovens, without all the bells and whistles, cost between $100 and $150.
4. Electric Frying Pan -- Electric frying pans allow you to cook away from the stove and even permit the cook to sit at a table. The problem with the regular size appliances is that they are heavy and large enough to cook for a group of people. The pan I am recommending is only 7" X 7 " and lightweight enough that it is easy to carry to the sink for washing. An added desirable feature is that it is the perfect size to prepare a meal for one or two small eaters.
5. Pull-out-shelves -- Objects in the back of lower, cavernous, kitchen cabinets can be difficult to reach and are often forgotten. Pull-out-shelves may be a problem solver to help make this area more accessible. These shelves can be found in large, local hardware stores, and someone with some carpentry skills can usually install them.
6. Dycem Mat -- A stroke or other health problem may leave a person with only one useful hand, without the additional hand to stabilize things. The Dycem mat could possibly be an aid that is helpful. This item is a vinyl mat used to eliminate slipping and sliding problems on shelves, work surfaces, under plates or cups; or use it to provide an improved grip on handles, cutlery, arm rests, walkers, wheelchair seats, trays or footrests.
7. PenFriend -- Visual problems can make it difficult to distinguish between foods, medications, ingredients or products with small writing on their labels. The PenFriend, visually impaired assistive technology, works by placing a label on an item and an identifying message is recorded into the pen. When the tip of the pen is touched to the label, the message is spoken.
To find many of these products and other assistive devices go Empowered Living Today
How families can help:
* Think ready to grab, heat and eat. If some Good Samaritan fixes a large quantity of something, have it stored in the freezer in individual serving containers. Then, it can be microwaved and eaten from the same container.
* Microwave dinner plates with covers allow you to make a plate with multiple items and then freeze it. This would be a way for a family member to offer help. Just save a serving of each dish from a meal created for members of your household. Then, when ready to eat, it just has to be thawed and microwaved.
* Use non-breakable containers instead of glass. Opt for small containers that hold one serving and can go from freezer to microwave. Deep walled dishes also provide sides to help scoop food onto an eating utensil.
* Freeze bread, bagels and English muffins to keep them from getting stale. In this way, you can take out one serving at a time. Make sure the bagels and muffins are sliced before freezing.
* People with poor sensation in their fingertips find it difficult to use storage bags that require you to line-up two tracks and press them together. Closing bags with twist ties or plastic clips likewise can be frustrating. I have everything transferred to zipper type storage bags.
There is another assistive product I really prize and that is motorized blinds. Before I had automated blinds, if I wanted privacy at night, I would have to leave blinds closed all the time. My home was always a very dark and gloomy place. Being so cut off from the world, I sometimes did not even know what the weather was like outside. I could stand to adjust the controls but, because furniture was sometimes in my way, this was a fruitless endeavor. With motorized blinds, I just point and click and I have sunlight. These were expensive, so I selectively placed them in areas that were unreachable. For windows that I can reach the controls, I use blinds that are operated with a cord rather than a wand. Because of the physical limitations created by arthritis, the motion of turning a wand can be difficult for many older people. When you see a person sitting in the dark, before making a quick judgment, it might be prudent to consider . . . which came first, the darkness or the depression? Motorized Window Blinds
I have discussed tips to increase independence but do not want to leave out one very important safety tip - an emergency alert button. While achieving independence, it is crucial you can call for help in the event of a fall or in another emergency. Call buttons worn on the wrist can be inaccessible if the hand that will push the button is pinned under you or in some other way inoperable. A pendant is accessible to both hands. Pin it to
About the Author
Suzanne Ponciroli,
suza7@comcast.net
Suzanne Ponciroli has lived with the challenges created by MS for over 20 years and is of the “Baby Boomer’ generation. She has created a website, Empowered Living Today and a Blog, http://EmpoweredLivingToday.com Both websites contain ideas and aids to help people overcome physical challenges.
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